How hormones are linked to the gut
Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, are associated with changes inthe composition of the gut microbiome. Differences in hormone levels between men and women, and changes during life stages such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, are also associated with differences in the gut microbiome.
How the gut is involved in hormone metabolism
Some gut bacteria produce enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of estrogens. An important enzyme in this process isβ-glucuronidase. This enzyme plays a role after estrogens are conjugated in the liver and transported to the intestine via bile. In the intestine, these hormones can be deconjugated, allowing them to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. The collection of bacterial genes involved in this process is called the estrobolome.
Why this is relevant for women
Hormonal fluctuations are associated with changes in the gut microbiome, and the gut microbiome is involved in the metabolism of estrogens. There is a biological interaction between these systems, without the gut directly controlling hormones.
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